AMALRIC, the name of two kings of Jerusalem. AMALRIC I.,
king from 1162 to 1174, was the son of Fulk of Jerusalem, and
the brother of Baldwin III. He was twice married: by his first
wife, Agnes of Edessa, he had issue a son and a daughter,
Baldwin IV. and Sibylla, while his second wife, Maria Comnena,
bore him a daughter Isabella, who ultimately carried the
crown of Jerusalem to her fourth husband, Amalric of Lusignan
(Amalric II.). The reign of Amalric I. was occupied by the
Egyptian problem. It became a question between Amalric and
Nureddin, which of the two should control the discordant
viziers, who vied with one another for the control of the
decadent caliphs of Egypt. The acquisition of Egypt had
been an object of the Franks since the days of Baldwin I.
(and indeed of Godfrey himself, who had promised to cede
Jerusalem to the patriarch Dagobert as soon as he should
himself acquire Cairo). The capture of Ascakm by Baldwin
III. in 1153 made this object more feasible; and we find
the Hospitallers preparing sketch-maps of the routes best
suited for an invasion of Egypt, in the style of a modern war
office. On the other hand, it was natural for Nureddin to
attempt to secure Egypt, both because it was the terminus
of the trading route which ran from Damascus and because the
acquisition of Egypt would enable him to surround the Latin
kingdom. For some five years a contest was waged between
Amalric and Shirguh (Shirkuh), the lieutenant of Nureddin,
for the possession of Egypt. Thrice (1164, 1167, 1168)
Amalric penetrated into Egypt: but the contest ended in the
establishment of Saladin, the nephew of Shirguh, as vizier
-- a position which, on the death of the puppet caliph in
1171, was turned into that of sovereign. The extinction of
the Latin kingdom might now seem imminent; and envoys were
sent to the West with anxious appeals for assistance in
1169, 1171 and 1173. But though in 1170 Saladin attacked
the kingdom, and captured Aila on the Red Sea, the danger
was not so great as it seemed. Nureddin was jealous of
his over-mighty subject, and his jealousy bound Saladin's
hands. This was the position of affairs when Amalric died,
in 1174; but, as Nureddin died in the same year, the position
was soon altered and Saladin began the final attack on the
kingdom. Amalric I., the second of the native kings of
Jerusalem, had the qualities of his brother Baldwin III.
(q.v.) He was something of a scholar, and it was he who
set William of Tyre to work. He was perhaps still more of
a lawyer: his delight was in knotty points of the law, and
he knew the Assises better than any of his subjects.
The Church had some doubts of him, and he laid his hands on
the Church. William of Tyre was once astonished to find him
questioning, on a bed of sickness, the resurrection of the
body; and his taxation of clerical goods gave umbrage to the
clergy generally. But he maintained the state of his kingdom
with the resources which he owed to the Church; and he is
the last in the fine list of the early kings of Jerusalem.
William of Tyre is our original authority: see xix. 2-3 for
his sketch of Amalric. Rohricht narrates the reign of Amalric
I., Geschichte des Konigreichs Jerusalem, c. xvii.-xviii.
Amalric II., king from 1197 to 1205, was the brother of Guy of
Lusignan. He had been constable of Jerusalem, but in 1194, on
the death of his brother, he became king of Cyprus, as Amalric
I. He married Isabella, the daughter of Amalric I. by his second
marriage, and became king of Jerusalem in right of his wife in
1197. In 1198 he was able to procure a five years' truce
with the Mahommedans, owing to the struggle between Saladin's
brothers and his sons for the inheritance of his territories.
The truce was disturbed by raids on both sides, but in 1204
it was renewed for six years. Amalric died in 1205, just
after his son and just before his wife. The kingdom of Cyprus
passed to Hugh, his son by an earlier marriage, while that
of Jerusalem passed to Maria, the daughter of Isabella by
her previous marriage with Conrad of Montferrat. (E. B. R.)
This article is from the 1911 edition of an
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