Nicolau Copernicus
Nicolau Copernicus (sometimes spelled Nicolaus, Nicolas, Nicholas, Nikalaus or Nikolas; in Polish, Mikolaj Kopernik, Niclas Kopernik or Nicolaus Koppernigk) has been called "the founder of modern astronomy." Although not the first scientist to propose that the Earth revolved around the sun, his bold return to the theory (first proposed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd-century B.C.) had significant and far-reaching effects in the evolution of scientific thought.
Copernicus studied liberal arts, which included both astronomy and astrology as part of the "science of the stars," at the University of Kraków, but left before completing his degree. He resumed his studies at the University of Bologna, where he lived in the same house as Domenico Maria de Novara, the principal astronomer there. Copernicus assisted de Novara in some of his observations and in the production of the annual astrological forecasts for the city. It is at Bologna that he probably first encountered the works of Regiomontanus, whose translation of Ptolemy's Almagest would make it possible for Copernicus to successfully refute the ancient astronomer.
Later, at the University of Padua, Copernicus studied medicine, which was closely associated with astrology at that time due to the belief that the stars influenced the dispositions of the body. He finally received a doctorate in canon law from the University of Ferrara, an institution he'd never attended.
Returning to Poland, Copernicus secured a scholastry (an in abstentia teaching post) at Wroclaw, where he primarily worked as a medical doctor and manager of Church affairs. In his spare time, he studied the stars and the planets (decades before the telescope was invented), and applied his mathematical understanding to the mysteries of the night sky. In so doing, he developed his theory of a system in which the Earth, like all the planets, revolved around the sun, and which simply and elegantly explained the curious retrograde movements of the planets.
Copernicus wrote his theory in De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium ("On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs"). The book was completed in 1530 or so, but it wasn't published until the year he died. Legend has it that a copy of the printer's proof was placed in his hands as he lay in a coma, and he woke long enough to recognize what he was holding before he died.
Important Dates
Born: Feb. 19, 1473
Died: May 24, 1543
Image
Nicolau Copernicus
This public-domain graphic from the 1885 publication The Hundred Greatest Men is free for your use. Part of the Medieval and Renaissance History Portrait Gallery here at this site.
At About
Disputing the Obvious: The Life of Nicolaus Copernicus
Concise, informative biography from About's Guide to Space, Nick Greene.
On the Web
Catholic Encyclopedia: Nicolaus Copernicus
Admiring, substantial biography from a Catholic perspective, by J. G. Hagen.Copernicus, Nicolas
Substantive collection of data concerning the astronomer at the Galileo Project, Rice University.Copernican System
Lucid explanation of Copernicus's heliocentric system, at the Galileo Project, Rice University.Nicolaus Copernicus
This bio at the MacTutor site includes very straightforward explanations of some of Copernicus's theories, as well as photos of some places significant to his life.Nicolaus Copernicus
Extensive, heavily-hyperlinked examination of the astronomer's life and work at Wikipedia.
In Print
Related Resources
Mathematics & Astronomy
An index of sites concerning the survival and growth of astronomical study and the science of mathematics in the Middle Ages.
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