King Henry I of Germany
Henry I, also known as Henry the Fowler (in German, Henrik or Heinrich der Vogler) was the founder of the Saxon dynasty of kings and emperors in Germany. Although he never took the title "Emperor" (his son Otto was the first to revive the title centuries after the Carolingians), future emperors would reckon the numbering of "Henrys" from his reign. How he got his nickname is uncertain; one story has it that he was called "fowler" because he was setting bird snares when informed of his election as king, but that is probably a myth.
When his father, Duke Otto the Illustrious, died in 912, Henry became Duke of Saxony. Six years later, Conrad I of Franconia designated Henry as his heir shortly before he died. Henry now controlled two of the four most significant duchies in Germany, the nobles of which elected him king of Germany in May of 919. However, the other two important duchies, Bavaria and Swabia, did not recognize him as their king.
Henry had respect for the autonomy of the various duchies of Germany, but he also wanted them to unite in a confederation. He managed to force Burchard, the duke of Swabia, to submit to him in 919, but he allowed Burchard to retain administrative control over his duchy. In that same year, Bavarian and East Frankish nobles elected Arnulf, duke of Bavaria, as king of Germany, and Henry met the challenge with two military campaigns, forcing Arnulf to submit in 921. Though Arnulf gave up his claim to the throne, he retained control of his duchy of Bavaria. Four years later Henry defeated Giselbert, king of Lotharingia, and brought the region back under German control. Giselbert was allowed to remain in charge of Lotharingia as duke, and in 928 he married Henry's daughter, Gerberga.
In 924 the barbarian Magyar tribe invaded Germany. Henry agreed to pay them tribute and to return a hostage chief in exchange for a nine-year halt to raids on German lands. Henry used the time well; he built fortified towns, trained mounted warriors into a formidable army, and led them in some solid victories against various Slavic tribes. When the nine-year truce ended, Henry refused to pay more tribute, and the Magyars resumed their raids. But Henry crushed them at Riade in March of 933, putting an end to the Magyar threat to the Germans.
Henry's last campaign was an invasion of Denmark through which the territory of Schleswig became part of Germany.
Important Dates
Defeats Magyars at Riade: March 15, 933
Died: July 2, 936
On the Web
Henry I
Concise bio at Infoplease.Henry I, German King
Brief overview from the Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.Henry the Fowler
Short but well-hyperlinked biography at Wikipedia.
In Print
The links below will take you to an online bookstore, where you can find more information about the book to help you get it from your local library. This is provided as a convenience to you; neither Melissa Snell nor About is responsible for any purchases you make through these links.
Germany in the Early Middle Ages, 800-1056
by Timothy ReuterMedieval Germany, 500-1300: A Political Interpretation
by Benjamin Arnold
Related Resources
Medieval Germany
Sites that focus on the portions of northern central Europe that would later be unified as Germany.
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